HUMAN OCCUPATION

HUMAN OCCUPATION

OCCUPATIONS	MAIN AREAS	MAIN CHARACTERISTICS	OTHER INFORMATION
Primary occupations
Food gathering, hunting and fishing (one of the oldest occupations of mankind)	In least hospitable areas of the world, such as the equatorial rain forests, the deserts, and the polar fringes, which include Amazon basin (south America), Congo Basin (Africa), Kalahari desert (Africa), Malaysia (Asia),tundra( Canada) and northern Siberia.	Oldest form of economic activity. Food gathering refers to collecting of food provided by nature	Food gatherers and hunters: Pygmies of Congo basin (Africa), bindery or aborigines of Australia, Seeming of Malaysia (Asia). The Aeromdoams pf Amazon Nasom (South America), Eskimos of Canada and Greenland, Lapps of Scandinavia and Siberia are important tribes.
Nomadic herding (animal Rearing)	Tropical deserts and grasslands like Campos, Llanos (South America) and Savanna (Africa), sub – polar regions of North Siberia and Central Asia are important.	Nomadic herding is mainly confined to sparsely populated regions like grasslands and semi-deserts. They involve regular or seasonal migration from one place to another in search of pasture (transhumance).	Practiced by Fulani (West Africa), Masai (East Africa), Nubba (Ethiopia, Sudan), Bantu and Hottentots (Southern Africa), Bedouin (Arabia), tuaregs 9Sahara) and also by different groups of Central Asia, such as Kirghiz, Kalmuks, Kazakhs, and Gobi Mongols.
Commercial herding (Rearing of livestock for commercial purpose)	In the extensive temperate grassland regions of prairies (North America), pampas (Argentina), and Downs (Australia), Denmark, Netherlands, and New Zeeland are important for dairy products.	Commercial herding does not entirely depend upon natural grasslands. Rearing of animals is scientifically managed with little or no movement. Large number of cattle, sheep, goats and horses are raised for sale.	The sheep is reared for Both mutton nd wool but cattle, which is reared for beef, hides and dairy rousts is more valuable.
Agriculture (a) rearing of livestock or commercial purpose	Widely practiced by many tribes of tropical forests in south and central America, Africa, North Eastern part of India and South East Asia.	Clearance and cultivation of land for limited period. Then new land is farmed, and the original land is abandoned.	Practiced by different group of people in different regions, thus it has different names eg. Myopia (Central America and Africa), Conoco (Venezuela), Roca (Brazil), Mazola (Zaire), Lading (Malaysia), Human (Indonesia), Cain gin. (Philippines), Taungya (Myanmar), tamari (Thailand), Chena (Sri lanka) and Jhum (India).
(B) intensive subsistence agriculture	Confined to the densely populated regions of monsoon Asia which include China, Japan, Korea, Indian, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and south east Asian countries.	This form of agriculture is practiced in those areas where the amount of land is much less than the total population. It is characterized by high inputs (Unsullied) high yields.	Subsistence cultivators: Guises of Amazon basin (south America), Karnes (Myanmar, Thailand and, Indochina), Thailand and, Indochina), Oaring Ails (Peninsular Malaysia), I bans (southeastern countries of Asia).
c) extensive agriculture	Best developed in North American Prairies, the Pampas of Argentina, the steppes of Eurasia, the Veldt of South Africa, the Australian Downs, and the Canterbury plain of New Zealand.	Characterized by low inputs of labour, large farm units, highly mechanized cultivation of wheat, and low yield per acre but high yield per man.
d) Plantation agriculture (Owned by an institution, e.g., a private company, worked by hired labour).	Tropical and sub tropical areas of Asia, Africa and America.	Distinctive type of tropical agriculture characterized by scientifically managed estate farming, locallal bour, and requires heavy capital outlay, technical and administrative staff.	Tea, coffee, cocoa, sugarcane, rubber, spices, oil palm, etc. are some of the main plantation crops, grown in large areas as a single crop.
e) Mediterranean agriculture	Within the Mediterranean climatic region	Characterized by highly specialized intensive farming, viticulture, orchard farming.	Citrus fruits, olives and figs are exclusive crops. Sherry (Spain), Port wine (Portugal), Marsalis (Isle of Sicily), Asti (Italy) (France) are some exclusive wine of Medirranean region.
f) Mixed farming.	Most important in the highly developed parts of eastern north America, north western Europe, and parts of CIS.	Both animals and crops are produced. Crops are often utilized for animal fodder. Each mixed farming region may be dusting gushed from others in well – developed agricultural sub – types.	Mixed farms of USA and Canada, dairy farming of western Europe, southern Great Lake regions of North America, an also southern Australia and New Zealand. Market Gardening and horticulture of densely populated districts of north western Europe and north eastern USA (truck farming) are important.