WORLD’S MAJOR CROPS DISTRIBUTION SUGAR CANE

WORLD’S MAJOR CROPS DISTRIBUTION

SUGAR CANE

Sugarcane is a crop of tropical and sub- tropical countries.

CONDITIONS REQUIRED	IMPORTANT PRODUCING REGIONS
Annual range of temperature between 21˚C - 27˚ C. Annual rainfall of over 150 cm. Deep, well – drained heavily fertilized soils. Large labour force.	Latin America – Brazil and Cuba. Asia – India, Pakistan, China, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines. Other countries of south and eastern Africa and Australia.

WORLD’S MAJOR CROPS DISTRIBUTION

SUGAR BEET

WORLD’S MAJOR CROPS DISTRIBUTION RUBBER

WORLD’S MAJOR CROPS DISTRIBUTION

WINE

CONDITIONS REQUIRED	REGION OF PLANTATION
A good supply of water in the growing season Summer temperature of 17 - 22˚C. Skilled people to tend the vines.	Mediterranean region. Other areas of similar climate in the world.

WORLD’S MAJOR CROPS DISTRIBUTION

RUBBER

The tree is a native of the Amazonian forests, but in the nineteenth century it was taken to South East Asia.

WORLD’S MAJOR CROPS DISTRIBUTION COFFEE

WORLD’S MAJOR CROPS DISTRIBUTION

COFFEE

Coffee trees are grown mainly on plantations in the tropics.

CONDITIONS REQUIRED	REGION OF PLANTATION
Annual temperature 20 -25˚C, if possible with shades, but frost free. Annual rainfall of over 150 cm with a minimum in the flowering season. Deep, rich well – drained soil Large scale of labour to tend the crop	South America – Brazil, Columbia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Peru Caribbean region –Mexico, EI Salvador, Guatemala and Costa Rica Africa – Ivory coast, Uganda, Ethiopia, Malawi, Congo and Kenya Asia – Philippines, Indonesia and India.

WORLD’S MAJOR CROPS DISTRIBUTION

COCOA

WORLD’S MAJOR CROPS DISTRIBUTION MAIZE

WORLD’S MAJOR CROPS DISTRIBUTION

MAIZE

It originated in America.

CONDITIONS REQUIRED	REGION OF CULTIVATION
Average summer temperature of 25˚C or more Average rainfall of 65 cm – 100 cm. Frost free growing season, at least 140 frost free days. Wide range of soil but best grows in rich soils of the sub tropics with abundant nitrogen.	Warm temperate and sub – tropical regions Corn Belt, USA Argentina and Brazil in south America China, central America, south Africa. Region between the Caspian Sea and the Black sea in CIS

WORLD’S MAJOR CROPS DISTRIBUTION

TEA

WORLD’S MAJOR CROPS DISTRIBUTION WHEAT

WORLD’S MAJOR CROPS DISTRIBUTION

WHEAT

It probably originated in Asia Minor and the Middle East

CONDITIONS REQUIRED	REGIONS OF CULTIVATION
Warm dry, sunny ripening period. A frost free period of 90 100 days for spring wheat, 280 days for winter wheat. Annual rainfall of 25 cm – 90 cm. Well – drained rich loam soils. Undulating level Land for use of Machinery.	Mid – Latitude grassland regions. Prairies in North America, Steppes in Europe, Pampas in Argentina, South Africa and south east Australia. Other regions like Mediterranean region, North china and even desert and semi desert regions.

WORLD’S MAJOR CROPS DISTRIBUTION

RICE

HUMAN OCCUPATION

HUMAN OCCUPATION

OCCUPATIONS	MAIN AREAS	MAIN CHARACTERISTICS	OTHER INFORMATION
Primary occupations
Food gathering, hunting and fishing (one of the oldest occupations of mankind)	In least hospitable areas of the world, such as the equatorial rain forests, the deserts, and the polar fringes, which include Amazon basin (south America), Congo Basin (Africa), Kalahari desert (Africa), Malaysia (Asia),tundra( Canada) and northern Siberia.	Oldest form of economic activity. Food gathering refers to collecting of food provided by nature	Food gatherers and hunters: Pygmies of Congo basin (Africa), bindery or aborigines of Australia, Seeming of Malaysia (Asia). The Aeromdoams pf Amazon Nasom (South America), Eskimos of Canada and Greenland, Lapps of Scandinavia and Siberia are important tribes.
Nomadic herding (animal Rearing)	Tropical deserts and grasslands like Campos, Llanos (South America) and Savanna (Africa), sub – polar regions of North Siberia and Central Asia are important.	Nomadic herding is mainly confined to sparsely populated regions like grasslands and semi-deserts. They involve regular or seasonal migration from one place to another in search of pasture (transhumance).	Practiced by Fulani (West Africa), Masai (East Africa), Nubba (Ethiopia, Sudan), Bantu and Hottentots (Southern Africa), Bedouin (Arabia), tuaregs 9Sahara) and also by different groups of Central Asia, such as Kirghiz, Kalmuks, Kazakhs, and Gobi Mongols.
Commercial herding (Rearing of livestock for commercial purpose)	In the extensive temperate grassland regions of prairies (North America), pampas (Argentina), and Downs (Australia), Denmark, Netherlands, and New Zeeland are important for dairy products.	Commercial herding does not entirely depend upon natural grasslands. Rearing of animals is scientifically managed with little or no movement. Large number of cattle, sheep, goats and horses are raised for sale.	The sheep is reared for Both mutton nd wool but cattle, which is reared for beef, hides and dairy rousts is more valuable.
Agriculture (a) rearing of livestock or commercial purpose	Widely practiced by many tribes of tropical forests in south and central America, Africa, North Eastern part of India and South East Asia.	Clearance and cultivation of land for limited period. Then new land is farmed, and the original land is abandoned.	Practiced by different group of people in different regions, thus it has different names eg. Myopia (Central America and Africa), Conoco (Venezuela), Roca (Brazil), Mazola (Zaire), Lading (Malaysia), Human (Indonesia), Cain gin. (Philippines), Taungya (Myanmar), tamari (Thailand), Chena (Sri lanka) and Jhum (India).
(B) intensive subsistence agriculture	Confined to the densely populated regions of monsoon Asia which include China, Japan, Korea, Indian, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and south east Asian countries.	This form of agriculture is practiced in those areas where the amount of land is much less than the total population. It is characterized by high inputs (Unsullied) high yields.	Subsistence cultivators: Guises of Amazon basin (south America), Karnes (Myanmar, Thailand and, Indochina), Thailand and, Indochina), Oaring Ails (Peninsular Malaysia), I bans (southeastern countries of Asia).
c) extensive agriculture	Best developed in North American Prairies, the Pampas of Argentina, the steppes of Eurasia, the Veldt of South Africa, the Australian Downs, and the Canterbury plain of New Zealand.	Characterized by low inputs of labour, large farm units, highly mechanized cultivation of wheat, and low yield per acre but high yield per man.
d) Plantation agriculture (Owned by an institution, e.g., a private company, worked by hired labour).	Tropical and sub tropical areas of Asia, Africa and America.	Distinctive type of tropical agriculture characterized by scientifically managed estate farming, locallal bour, and requires heavy capital outlay, technical and administrative staff.	Tea, coffee, cocoa, sugarcane, rubber, spices, oil palm, etc. are some of the main plantation crops, grown in large areas as a single crop.
e) Mediterranean agriculture	Within the Mediterranean climatic region	Characterized by highly specialized intensive farming, viticulture, orchard farming.	Citrus fruits, olives and figs are exclusive crops. Sherry (Spain), Port wine (Portugal), Marsalis (Isle of Sicily), Asti (Italy) (France) are some exclusive wine of Medirranean region.
f) Mixed farming.	Most important in the highly developed parts of eastern north America, north western Europe, and parts of CIS.	Both animals and crops are produced. Crops are often utilized for animal fodder. Each mixed farming region may be dusting gushed from others in well – developed agricultural sub – types.	Mixed farms of USA and Canada, dairy farming of western Europe, southern Great Lake regions of North America, an also southern Australia and New Zealand. Market Gardening and horticulture of densely populated districts of north western Europe and north eastern USA (truck farming) are important.

NATURAL VEGETATION OF THE WORLD

NATURAL VEGETATION OF THE WORLD

NATURAL REGIONS	DISTRIBUTION		VEGETATION CHARACTERISTICS	VEGETATION SPECIES
Equatorial Rain forest (10˚ N and S latitude).	Equatorial regions like Amazon lowlands, Congo basin, etc., and tropical coastal regions having maximum rainfall.		Evergreen forest with luxuriant growth of variety of vegetation – a distinct layer arrangement with multiple species.	Hard wood trees like mahogany, ebony, cabinet woods, rosewood, orchids, forms and lalangs.
Tropical Monsoon forest (Between 10˚- 30˚N and s latitude).	Coastal region with a tropical marine climate lime eastern Brazil, parts of Central eastern Africa but the major regions are Peninsular India, southern Myanmar, countries of South East Asia, and northern Australia.		Forests are more open and less dense than the equatorial forests, normally deciduous trees with marked dry seasons.	Forests have fewer species like teak, sale, anal wood, bamboo of which teak is a valuable hardwood.
Tropical Grassland or Savanna (Interior of continents between the   equatorial forests and the trade wind hot deserts)	Parts of Brazilian Plateau (Campos), Venezuela (Llanos), on either side of equatorial region of Africa and northern Australia.		Tall grass and scattered short trees, called ‘Parkland’ or ‘Bushveld’’ landscape. The trees are deciduous and have broad trunks with water – storing devices.	Baobabs and bottle trees acacias, etc. In Australia mallee, mulga are the main species.
Desert Vegetation (Western coasts of continents t\between latitude 15˚ -30˚ N and S)	The Sahara, Kalahari and Namib desert in Africa, Mohave (California), Atacama (Chile), Great Australian Desert and other regions are Arabian, Iranian and Thar.		Very sparse xerophytes or drought resistant scrubs and bushes.	Bulbous cacti, thorny bushes, scattered dwarf acacias and date palms.
Mediterranean Forests (Western margin of the continents between   latitude 30˚ - 45˚ N and S)	Area around the Mediterranean sea, California (USA), central Chile, the south – western tip of South African (around Cape Town), southern and south  western Australia.		Transitional type of vegetation evergreen forests, evergreen coniferous, Mediterranean bushes, shrubs and wiry an bushy grasses.	Evergreen trees are cork, oak (Mediterranean Europe), giant sequoia (California) ,and eucalyptus trees like jarrah and Kari (Australia). Bushes and shrubs like laurel, myrtle, rosemary, and etc. degenerate scrub vegetation are marquis (southern Frances), macchia (Italy), Chapppparal (California) and Mallee (Australia).
Temperate Grassland or steppe (Interior of the continents in the temperate regions)	North America (prairies), Eurasia (Steppes), Hungry (Pustaz), Manchuria, Argentina and Uruguay (pampas), South Africa (Veldt) and in Australia (Downs).		Treeless grassland, vary in appearance and quality of grass also varies with change in season.	Rolling plain with tall grasses in Prairies and short grasses in Steppes are soft and nutritive.
Temperate mixed Forests. (Eastern margin of continents in the warm temperate latitudes)	S.E.U.S.A., south China, South Brazil, Eastern coast of South Africa, and South East Australia.		Hard wood, broad leaved deciduous trees on lowlands are quite similar to monsoon forests and coniferous forests on mountains.	Evergreen conifers such as pines, cypresses, oak, camphor, camellia, and magnolia. Parana pine, quebracho (axe breaker), wattle trees are also some valuable species.
Temperate Deciduous Forests (coastal regions of cool climate)		North – eastern US, western Europe, north – eastern China, southern Chile, and New Zealand.	Hardwood deciduous trees shed their leaves in winters to protect themselves against the winter snow and frost. They occur in Pure strands, which are excellent for lumbering.		Valuable temperate hardwood species are lack, elm, poplar, beech, and willow, aspen alder grows in wetter regions. They are excellent for both fuel and industrial purposes.
Coniferous forest (from 55˚ N latitude to the Arctic circle and   also the region of mountainous Uplands)		Stretches in continuous belt across North America and Eurasia and is also found on the High mountains of other regions.	Almost all trees are evergreen and conical in shape with small, thick needle – shaped leaves.		The richest source of softwood occurs impure strands with a few species.
Tundra Vegetation		Northern most barren lands of Cannas, coastal region of Greenland, and the Arctic seaboard of Eurasia,	Heat deficient region covered with little vegetation of moss, lichens and stunted trees. Ground is frozen most of the time and also the region has very short summer.		Mosses, lichens, slogs, and wild flowering shrubs occur in patches.

COOL TEMPERATE EASTERN MARGIN CLIMATIC REGION OR LAURENTIAN TYPE

COOL TEMPERATE EASTERN MARGIN CLIMATIC REGION OR LAURENTIAN TYPE 

CLIMATIC TYPE	CHARACTERISTICS	DISTRIBUTION (CONTINENT)	SELECTED STATION (COUNTRY)
Eastern margin (Laurentian type)	Cold dry winters and warm wet summers with a fairly well distributed rainfall in drizzles.	Best developed in North – eastern North America including the Maritime Provinces of Eastern Canada and the New England States of USA and also in North China, Manchuria, Korea and northern Japan.	Montreal (Canada) New York (USA) and Peking (china).

ARCTIC POLAR OR TUNDRA CLIMATIC REGION

CLIMATIC TYPE	CHARACTERISTICS	DISTRIBUTION (CONTINENT)	SELECTED STATION
Arctic polar (tundra)	Long severe cold winter and brief cool summers with very light precipitation	Barren grounds of Northern Canada and Alaska, coastal strip of Greenland and the arctic sea board of Eurasia.	Upernavik (Greenland)

COOL TEMPERATE WESTERN MARGIN CLIMATIC REGION OR BRITISH TYPE

COOL TEMPERATE WESTERN MARGIN CLIMATIC REGION OR BRITISH TYPE

CLIMATIC  TYPE	CHARACTERISTICS	DISTRIBUTION CONTINENT)	SELECTED STATION (COUNTRY)
Western margin (British type)	Under the Influence of westr lies all the year round and also the regions of much cynic activity. Warm Summers and Mild winters with four distinct seasons. Ideal for maximum comfort and mental alertness.	Best developed in British Columbia (Western Canada), Northwest Europe, coastal Southern Chile (South America, Tasmania (Australia) and South Island Of New Zealand.	Vancouver (Canada), London (British Isles), Hobart (Tasmania).

CENTRAL CONTINENTAL CLIMATIC REGION OR SIBERIAN TYPE

CLIMATIC TYPE	CHARACTERISTICS	DISTRIBUTION (CONTINENT)	SELECTED STATION (COUNTRY)
Central continental type or Siberian type	Characterized by a bitterly cold winter and cool brief summer with light rain. Only in Northern Hemisphere.	Best developed in the interior of North America and Eurasia between latitudes 35˚ N and 60˚N.	Churchill (Manitoba, Canada), Moscow (Russia)

EASTERN MARGIN CLIMATIC REGION OR CHINA TYPE

EASTERN MARGIN CLIMATIC REGION OR CHINA TYPE

CLIMATIC TYPE	CHARACTERISTICS	DISTRIBUTION (CONTINENT)	SELECTED STATION (COUNTRY)
Eastern margin (china type)	Warm moist summer and a cool dry winter, more rainfall than the Mediterranean climate	Gulf type: south Eastern USA. China type: central china (Temperate Monsoon). Natal type: eastern part of pampas (Argentina), south eastern Africa and south – eastern Australia.	Miami (Florida) USA Nanking (china) Buenos Aires (Argentina) Sydney (Australia)

ASIA IMPORTANT RIVERS (SOUTH FLOWING RIVERS)

Mekong It flows through China, Thailand – Laos’s border, Cambodia and Vietnam over 4, 160 km to the South China Sea. Longest river in south East Asia. In Laos, the Mekong forms the western boundary with Thailand. Phnom pench and Ho chi Minch cities are situated on the bank of river. Mekong valley of south Vietnam is devoted to rice cultivation. Mekong valley of south Vietnam is devoted to rice cultivations.	Tibetan highlands	South china sea
Chao phraya City located: Bangkok The principal river of Thailand. The river’s delta has rich alluvial soil which is used almost entirely for rice and has very high density of population		Gulf of Thailand
Salween It flows through china & Shan Plateau (Myanmar) over 2,090 km. Longest river of Myanmar.	Tibetian highlands.	Gulf of Martaban
Irrawaddy Tributary: Chindwin City located: Mandalay Major river of the country referred to as the ‘life line e of Myanmar” Central basin between Irrawaddy and Chindwin around Mandalay is very important for wheat and cotton cultivation. Delta region of Irrawaddy and Sittang, known as the ‘Rice Bowl of Mayamar’.	North Myanmar	Bay of Bengal
Brahmaputra Brahmaputra is called Tsang – po in Tibet before entering in India. It enters Bangladesh near Dhubri.	Rises in glacier about 100 km south east Mansarovar Lake	Baiy of Bengal
Ganga In the upper curse Aleksandra and Bhagirathi River meet are Devprayag and form Ganga.	Gangotri Glacier	Bay of Bengal
Indus One of the world’s largest rivers flows through the gorge of Kailash Range, enters Jammu and Kashmir, and drains into Arabian Sea through Attack Plains of Pakistan.	Mansarovar lake	Arabian sea
Tigris and Euphrates These two rivers dominate Iraq and flow south – eastwards across the country then drain into the Persian gulf via a combined estuary. They meet at Shatt – al – Arab in Iraq.		Persian gulf
Amu darya and syr darya		Aral sea