THE KUZBAS REGION

·         Lies in the western part of Siberia (Asiatic Russia).

·         Extensive deposits of high grade anthracite coal are found.

·         In the northern region, saw milling, pulp and paper industries are important.

NOVOSIBIRSK

·         An important station of the trans-Siberian – railway.

·         Centre of hydroelectricity, engineering and also has coal deposits.

NOVOKUZNETSK

·         A major centre of iron and steel industries.

BARNAUL           

·         Major textile centre of Russia

KRASNOYARSK

·         Situated on the Yenisey River, has hydel power scheme and large lignite reserves.

·         Major centre of iron – steel and engineering industries.

BRATSK

THE URALS INDUSTRIAL REGION

 Well endowed for heavy and metallurgical industries which get copper from central Ural, and calabash; iron ore from Nizhniy – tail and Magnitogorsk; and chromium from saran, 

but                                                                                                                                                                     does not have coking coal, which is brought by rail from Kasbahs, Karaganda coal fields.

UFA

·         Situated in the western Ural region, has very productive oil fields.

·         A major centre of oil refinery and petrochemical plants.

PERM

·         Situated to the west of the Ural Mountains.

·         Centre of oil refinery and petrochemical plants.

NIZHNI TAGIL

·         Situated in the central Ural region has rich iron-ore reserves.

·         Centre of heavy engineering and metallurgical industries.

MAGNITOGORSK

GORKI – TULA REGION

·         Region of diverse industries and heavy engineering.

·         The major industries are steel mills, railway equipments, automobiles, aircraft and food processing.

IVANOVO

·         Manchester of Russia is a big textile centre.

ST.PETERSBURG (LENINGRAD)

·         Strategic location at the entrance of Baltic sea and is the European terminus of trans-Siberian – Railway.

ARKHANGELSK (ARCHANGEL)

·         Situated on the coast of White Sea.

·         One of the chief centres of timer industries and the eliding port from which timber is exported.

MURMANSK

·         Situated on the Kola Peninsula, is the only ice-free port along the Arctic Ocean route to Vladivostok.

PETROZAVODSK

·         Situated on the Lake Onega; it is the major centre of saw milling and timer processing plants.

VOLGOGRAD

COMMON WEEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES (CIS)

     Includes Russia and other 111 independent states.

     Headquarters: Minsk in Belarus (Europe).

RUSSIA

Area: 1, 70, 75,000sq.km (70% of the total area of former USSR)

Population: 147.2 million

Extent: East –West o over 9600 Km,

North –south – 4800 km.

Size: largest country iof the world, in area.

Capital: moocow (Europe).

Situation: lies in Europe as well as Asia, extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east, and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the borders of Turkey and Iran in the south. It touches fourteen other countries and crosses eight time zones. to the west of the Ural Mountains, is the European portion, Popularly known as Russia while the eastern Asiatic region is commonly called Siberia.

MOSCOW – GORKI REGION

    Oldest and the greatest of soviet industrial region in the European part of Russian.

MOSCOW

COUNTRIES CARVED FROM THE USSR

Fifteen nations have been created from the erstwhile USSR. Fourteen of the nations are shown on the map by alphabetical letters.

COUNTRY BATIC STATES	AREA (IN SQ. KM.)	POPULATION(IN LAKHS)	CAPITAL
a.       Lithuania	65,200	37	Vilnius
b.      Latvia	63,700	27	Riga
c.       Estonia	45.100	16	Tallinn

RUSSIA AND OTHER INDEPENDENT STATES 

Russia	1,70,75,000		1,480	Moscow (Europe)
D:Belarus	2,07,600		103	Minsk (Europe)
E: Ukraine	6,03,700		518	Kiev (Europe)
E: Moldova	33,700		44	Kishinev (Europe)
G: Georgia	69,700		54	Tbilisi(Europe)
H: Armenia	29,800		33	Yerevan (Europe)
I: Azerbaijan	86,600		71	Baku (Europe)
J: Turkmenistan	4,88,100		36	Ashkhabad (Asia)
K: Uzbekistan		4,47400	203	Tashkant (asia)
L: Kazakhstan		27,17,300	167	Alme – Ata (Asia)
M: Tajikistan		1,43,100	52	Dushanbe ( Asia)
N: Kyrgystan		1,98,500	44	Frunze(Asia)

SCOTLAND

Population: 51, 11,000

Capital: Edinburgh.

         It occupies the northern part of the mainbritish Isles and also includes the Island of 

Orkney,    Shetland Hebrides and some other smaller islands.

CITIES OF CENTRAL SCOTLAND

GLASGOW

·         Most important for iron and steel industry and shipbuilding.

DUMBARTON

·         Engineering industries are located here.

DUNDEE

·         Worlds’ first jute textile mill was established here.

FORT WILLIAM

·         It is the site of integrated paper mail using local wood.

GREATER LONDON INDUSTRIAL REGION

·         The range of manufactures is wide including cement, oil refineries, etc.(in the Thames estuary).

OXFORD, LONDON, CAMBRIDGE

CITIES OF YORKSHIRE, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE AND BERBYSHIRE REGION CITIES OF THE LANCASHIRE REGION

BRADFORD

·         Largest Italian population in Britain outside London.

·         Major centre of worsted textile industry.

HUDDERSFIEKLD

·         Major centre of woolen textile industry.

HUDDERSFIELD

·         Major centre of woolen textile industry.

LEEDS

·         Garments (coal from Yorkshire, soft water from penning streams for washing bleaching and dyeing) and woolen textile centre of UK.

SHIEFFIELD

·         It’s the world’s largest cutlery town which gets coal from Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire.

MANCHESTER

·         Original cotton textile region of Britain served by the port Liverpool.

BOLTON AND BURY

CITIES OF NORTH EAST ENGLAD

NORTHUMEBERLAND, BURHAM

·         Important regions of coal field.

NEW CASTLE

·         Located on the River Tyne.

·         Shipbuilding (declined) and transport equipment is important industries.

DARLIGTON

·         Locomotive works is important.

STOCKTON

·         An important centre of engineering works.

MIDDLESBOROUGH

·         Centre for iron and steel industries.

GATES HEAD

·         Structural engineering is important industry.

WEST HARTLEPOOL

·         Shipbuilding is an important industry.

SOUTH SHIELDS

·         Pot industries are important.

BELLINGHAM

·         Chemical especially synthetic fibers, fertilizers and drugs are important industries.

WALES

POPULATION: 2,899,000

CAPITAL: Cardiff

·         Originally a coal mining region of both bituminous and anthracite.

·         Now deelined in importance of coal which has led to a change in the location of industry towards coastal region.

·         The reliance oniron ore imports led to the development and concentration of cities on the coast like-Cardiff, swansong, Port Talbot and Newport.

BRISTOL

·         Known for coalfield located on the Severn estuary.

PLYMOUTH

·         City built on RIA (types of coast).

·         Known for ship building industry.

LONDON

UNITED KINGDOM

 Area: 2, 44,880 sq.km

Latitude: 49˚ 10’ - 60˚ 50’ N

Population: 58 . 7 million

Longitude: 1˚ 45’E - 8˚ 10’W

Capital: London

The United Kingdom consists of the Island of Great Britain Northern Ireland and many small islands.

GREAT BRITAIN

The largest island of United Kingdom which comprises – England, Scotland an swales.

CITIES OF THE MIDLKANDS

BIRNMINGHAM

·         The largest city in the British industrial belt.

SOUTH STAFFORDSHIRE

·         Coalfield of this region has supported the industrial conurbation formed by Birmingham.

DUDLEY, WOLVERHAMPTON, WALISALLAND WEST BORNWICH

·         All these cities are collectively called the ‘Black country’.

COVENTRY

·         Located in the ‘Warwickshire coalfield.

·         Motor cars and cycles are made.

LEICESTERSHIRE

·        Important region of coalfield on which button on Trent – largest brewery town of Britain is located.

DERBY

·         Specialization in textile and engineering industries.

·         Specialises in hosiery, pharmaceuticals, cigarettes and tobacco.

NOTTINGHAM

·         Specializes in hosiery, pharmaceuticals, cigarettes and tobacco.

LUXEMBOURG

            Area: 2586 sq km

            Latitude: 49˚ 26’ - 50˚ 10’N

            Population: 426,000

            Longitude: 5˚ 44’ - 6˚ 31’E

           Situation: it is a small state located between Germany. Belgium and France. Its maximum length is 82 km and width 57 km.

·         Major iron and steel industry is located on the town of Esch.

BRITISH ISLES

Group of islands, situated to the north – west of Europe in the North Atlantic Ocean. Two countries are included in British Isles, the republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom.

MAJOR POLITICAL DIVISION OF THE BRITISH ISLES.

 I united kingdom

·         England

·         Wales

·         Scotland

·         Northern Ireland

NETHERLANDS

           Area: 37,330 sq. km

           Latitude: 50˚45˚ - 53˚30’ N

          Population: 15.7 million

          Longitude: 3˚20’ - 7˚E

·         Situated in northwest Europe on North Sea in plain land with an average height of 11 m above sea level.

 AMSTERDAM

·         The capital city is famous as a world centre for diamonds, precious metals and art treasures.

·         Industrial city which manufactures iron and steel goods.

ROTTERDAM

·         Situated along the Rhine River, it handles the largest cargo of any oicean port in the world.

BELGIUM

       Area: 33,100 sq.km

      Latitude: 49˚ 30’ -50˚ 30’N

      Population: 10,2 million

       Longitude: 2˚ 35’ - 6˚25’E

      Capital: Brussels.

·         Situated; in northwest of Europe on the North Sea. It is the most densely populated country in Europe. Coal is the country’s only important mineral and is found in the somber – Meuse coalfield.

BRUSSELS

·         Capital of Belgium, known of rl\ silk and cotton mills.

ANTWERP

·         The world’s fourth largest port on the North Sea.

·         Ancient specialization in diamond cutting and also the world’s biggest diamond trading centre.

LIEGE

·         Centre of iron and steel industry.

MONS

·         Textile and brewery industries are important industries.

NAMUR

POLAND

POLAND

·         Area: 3,12,680 sq. km

·         Latitude: 49˚ 54˚ N

·         Population: 38,7m

·         Longitude: 14˚ 07˚ - 26˚ 08’ E’

.

·         Capital: Warsaw.

·         Upper Silesian and lower Silesian region of Poland known for coal fields.

·         River Oder forms the internal waterway.

WARSAW

·         lies on the Vistula river and is the capital of Poland.

·         an important rail centre which manufactures silk and other clothes.

LODZ

·         Situated to the southwest of Poland, known as ‘Manchester of Poland.’

GRANDSK

OTHER CITIES OF GERMANY

BINGEN

·         Situated where Rhine enters the Rhine gorge.

BONN

·         SITUATED WHERE Rhine leaves the gorge.

·         The capital of the former federation Republic of Germany (GRG), is an important educational and industrial centre.

KIEL

·         Situated at the eastern end of the Kiel canal.

·         Ship building and dairy exports are important economic activities.

HAMBURG

·         Major port on the mouth of the elberiver.

·         Ship-building and marine engineering worked are important.

·         Cuxhaven is out port for Hamburg.

BREMEN

WUPPERTAL, KREFELD

·         Important textile industries are located in these regions.

FRANKFURT

·         Situated on the Rhine River and very important location because most of the sea going vessels on the Rhine pass through it.

·         Railway engineering centre with electrical, engineering, automobile and chemical industries.

COLOGNE

·         Motor cars, perfumes and chemicals are manufactured here.

MAINZ

·         Leather, brewing and engineering industries are important industries of this region.

MUNICH

·         Located on the Bavarian uplands, is important centre for art and culture.

·         It makes beer, musical instruments, and photographic equipment.

STUTTGART

·         It makes automobiles, optical and surgical equipments, car components and watch.

·         Known for assembly of Benz Cars.

HANOVER

VARICAN CITY

·         Area: 44 sq. km.

·         Population: about 1000

·         Capital: Vatican city

·         Situation: the Vatican City state is the smallest sovereign and an independent state of the world. It is s situated on the Vatican hill on the right bank of river Tiber. It is completely surrounded by Italy and within the city limits of Rome.

GERMANY

·         Are: 3,56,910 sq. km

·         Population: 82.2 million

·         Capital: Berlin.

BERLIN

·         Capital of Germany which is situated on the bank of the Elbe River.

·         An important port and the largest city of Germany

·         Big rail centre and the manufacturing centre of electronic and electronics goods, furniture’s and fancy goods.

ESSEN

ROME

 ·         Situated on the left bank of Rive Tiber.

·         Capital and the largest town of Italy.

·         Famous for its historical monuments and relics.

LOMRARDYPLAIN

·         Largest industrial plain consists of Milan, Turin, Genoa and Venice.

MILAN

·         Situated on the plains of the Rive Po

·         Known as ‘Manchester of Italy’

.

·         Famous for its textiles (silk in particular) and engineering works.

TURIN

·         Known as ‘Detroit of Italy’.

·         It manufactures rail coaches, automobiles and aircrafts.

GENOA

·         An important port of Italy, located on the coast of liguriansea (in Mediterranean Sea).

VENICE