NORTH - EASTERN STATE MEGHALAYA

MEGHALAYA

Area: 22,429 sq. km

Latitude: 25˚ 30’ N

Population; 23, 06, 069

Longitude: 91˚ 12’ E

Principal languages: Khasi, Garo and English

Capital: Shillong

Situation: Meghalaya is bordered in the north and east by Assam and n the south and west by Bangladesh. It literally means the ‘abode of cloud’ and has also been called the ‘Scotland of the East’ because of its elevation (1496 m above the sea level).

NAGALAND

NORTH EASTERN STATES ARUNACHAL PRADESH

NORTH EASTERN STATES

ARUNACHAL PRADESH

Area: 83,743 sq. km

Latitude: 28˚ N

Population: 10, 96,702

Longitude: 94˚ 30’ E

Capital: Itanagar

Major Languages: Nishing, monpa, Mizi, Wanchu, Aanka, Digaru, Mishmi.

Situation: it shares the international boundaries with Bhutan, Tibet, China, Myanmar in the west, northeast, north and east respectively, and the state boundaries with Assam and Nagaland. It became the 24^th state of Indian Union on 20^th February 1987.

ASSAM

SIKKIM

SIKKIM

Area: 7, 096 sq. km

Latitude: 27˚ 36’ N

Capital: Gangtok

Population: 5, 40, 493

Longitude: 88˚ 30’ E

Principal languages: Lepcha, Bhutia and Nepali

Situation: it is bordered by Nepal in the west, Tibet in the north, Bhutan in the east and West Bengal lies to its south.

·         Sikkim is one of the 18 biodiversity hotspots in the world. 

KERALA

KERALA

Area: 38, 863 sq. km

Latitude: 10˚ 30’ N

Population: 3, 18, 38, 619

Longitude: 76˚ 24’ E

Principal language: Malayalam

Capital: Thiruvananthapuram.

Situation: Kerala is situated in the southwest corner of India and Bordered in the north and north east by Karnataka, in the east by Tamil Nadu and in the west by Lakshadweep sea.

TRIVANDRUM OR THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

·         Capital of Kerala

·         It is an abode of temples, mosques and churches

·         Kovalam Beach is very famous.

VIZHINJAM

KARNATAKA

 KARNATAKA

Area: 1, 91, 791 sq. km

Latitude: 14˚ 54’ N

Principal language: Kannada

Longitude: 75˚ 48’ E

Population: 5, 27 33,958

Capital: Bangalore

Situation: the state is located in the mid western part of the Deccan Plateau. It is bordered by Goa in the North West, Maharashtra in the north and Andhra Pradesh in the east, Tamil Nadu in the south and Kerala in the south west. On its western side in the Arabian Sea with a coastline of nearly 400 km.

BANGALORE

·         Capital city of the state.

·         One of the principal centre of engineering industries of India.

·         First telephone manufacturing factory of India is located at Duravani, 10 km away from Bangalore.

GOA

GOA

Asia: 3, 702 sq. km

Latitude: 15˚ 30’ N

Population: 13, 43, 998

Longitude: 73˚ 48’ E

Principal languages: Konkani, Marathi.

Capital: Panaji

Situation: goa is situated on the western coast of the Indian peninsula. It is bordered in the north by Maharashtra, in the east and south by Karnataka, and in the west by the Arabian Sea. In its north runs the terekhol river which separates Goa from Maharashtra, It became the 25^th state of India of May 30, 1987.Earlier it was a part of the Union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu.

PANAJI

·         Capital city of Goa.

·         Situated on the left bank of the Mondovi River.

·         It is the main operative port. One offshore berth has been commissioned recently.

MORMUGAO

·         Principal port of goa at the confluence of Mondovi and zuari rivers.

·         It exports blue dust iron, manganese ore, salt, betel leave, and mangoes.

·         This port handles cargo vessels. 

MAHARASHTRA

MAHARASHTRA

Area: 3, 07, 713 sq. km

Latitude: 19˚ 48’N

Population: 9,67, 52, 247

Longitude: 76˚E

Principal language: Marathi

Capital: Mumbai

Situation: the state is located in the north centre of Peninsular India, and is bordered by Gujarat in the northwest, Madhya Pradesh in the north, Chhattisgarh in the east, Andhra Pradesh in the south – east, Karnataka and Goa in the south, Arabian Sea Guards the western boundary of Maharashtra.

MUMBAI

·         Located on the low hilly island running southwards known as Bombay Island.

·         Capital city known as ‘cotton polis of India’.

·         It is also the commercial capital of India. It has the largest stock exchange in the country.

TAMIL NADU

TAMIL NADU

Area: 1, 30, 058 sq.km

Latitude: 10˚ 42’N

Population: 6, 21, 10, 839

Longitude: 78˚ E

Principal language: Tamil

Capital: Chennai

Situation: Tamil Nadu is situated in the southeast part of Indian peninsula. It is bordered in the west by Kerala, in north by Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, in the east by Bay of Bengal and in the south by Indian Ocean.

CHENNAI

·         Capital city of Tamil Nadu.

ANDHRA PRADESH

ANDHRA PRADESH   

Area: 2, 75,068 sq.km

 Latitude: 16˚N

Principal languages: Telugu and Urdu

Longitude: 80˚ E

Capital: Hyderabad

Population: 7, 61, 11, 243

Situation: the state is bordered by Karnataka and Maharashtra in the west, Chhattisgarh and Orissa in the north, Tamil Nadu in the south and Bay of Bengal in the east with a coastline of 974 km.

HYDERABAD

·         Capital city of Andhra Pradesh.

·         Largest town and the leading industrial and trade centre of the region.

·         Situated on the right bank of the Music, a left bank tributary of the Krishna River.

ORISSA

Orissa

Area: 1, 55, 707 sq. km

Latitude: 17˚ 49’ N to 22˚ 34’ N

Principal language: Oriya

Population: 3, 67, 06, 920

Longitude: 81˚ 29’’ e to 87˚ 29’ E

Capital: Bhubaneswar

Situation: situated in the north eastern part of the Indian Peninsula. It is bordered by Chhattisgarh in the West, Jharkhand in the North West Bengal in the northeast, Bay of Bengal in the east and Andhra Pradesh in the south.

BHUBANESWAR

·         Capital city and also known as “The cathedral city of India” on account of its numerous temples.

·         It is famous for the Lingaraj Temple.

·         Gopalpur Steel Works, a unit of TISCO is situated about 120 km south – east of Bhubaneswar.

·         Gopalpur has been developed as an all weather port.

CHHATTISGARH (carved out of Madhya Pradesh)

CHHATTISGARH (carved out of Madhya Pradesh)

Area: 1, 36, 034 sq. km.

Population: 2, 07, 95, 956.

Principal language: Hindi

Capital: Raipur

Situation: It is the 26^th state of India. Its border touches with M.P. in the northwest, U.P. in the north, Jharkhand in the northeast, Orissa in the east and Andhra Pradesh in the south.

RAIPUR

·         Capital city of Chhattisgarh

·         There are huge reserves of diamond.

BHILAI

·         Bhilai iron and steel factory is located in Durg district, which was established with the Russian collaboration.

KORBA

·         Largest mine of coking coal which encouraged the government to set up steel plant at Bhilai.

·         Thermal power plant is located here. 

MADHYA PRADESH

MADHYA PRADESH

Area: 3, 08, 000 sq. km

Latitude: 23˚ 30’ N

Principal language: Hindi

Capital: Bhopal

Longitude: 80˚E

Population: 6, 03, 85,118

Situation: centrally situated state of the country is surrounded by Uttar Pradesh in the north, Chhattisgarh in the east and southeast, Maharashtra in the south, Gujarat in the west and Rajasthan in the North West.

BHOPAL

·         Capital ;city of Madhya Pradesh

·         Situated on the fertile lava tract.

·         Well known for its embroidery on silk and satin.

·         Dry cell batteries and electrodes are also manufactured.

WEST BENGAL

WEST BENGAL

Area: 88, 752 sq. km

Latitude: 23˚ 30’N

Population: 8, 02, 21, 171

Longitude: 87˚42’ E

Principal language: Bengali

Capital: Kolkata

KOLKATA

·         Capital of west Bengal is situated on the left bank of River Hooghly.

·         Third largest city of India as per 2001 census.

·         A riverine port located on the Hooghly River which handles diversified commodities.

·         Manufacturing centre of jute goods, engineering goods (BHEL), razor blades, etc. and export jute, sugarcane and silk fabrics.

·         Shipbuilding industry of The Garden Reach Workshop under public sector is situated.

JHARKHAND (CARVED OUT OF BIHAR)

JHARKHAND (CARVED OUT OF BIHAR)

Area: 79, 714 sq. km

Latitude:

Population: 2, 69, 09, 428

Principle language: Hindi

Longitude:

Capital: Ranchi.

Situation: 28^th state of India. It is surrounded by Bihar in the north, west Bengal in the East, Orissa in the south and Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh in the west.

RANCHI

BIHAR

BIHAR

Area : 94, 163 sq. km.

Latitude: 25˚ 11’ N

Population: 8, 28, 78, 796

Longitude: 85˚ 32’E

Principal language: Hindi

Capital: Patna

Situation: Bihar is surrounded by Uttar Pradesh in the west, Nepal in the north, west Bengal in the ast and the new state Jharkhand in its south.

PATNA

·         Situated on the right bank of Ganges.

·         Capital city of Bihar.

AMJHORE

UTTARANCHAL (CARVED OUT OF UTTAR PORADESH)

UTTARANCHAL (CARVED OUT OF UTTAR PORADESH)

Area:: 53, 484 sq. km.

Population: 84, 79, 562

Principal languages: Hindi, Garhwali and Kumauni

Capital: Dehradun.

Situation: A separate hill state, 27^th state of India. It is surrounded by U.P. in the south and Haryana in the West, Himachal Pradesh in the northwest and also shares borders with China in the north and Nepal in the east.

DEHRADUN

·         Capital city of Uttaranchal.

·         Famous for military and forest trading centre.

HARIDWAR

·         A plant of BHEL (bharat heavy electronically ltd.) is located.

RISHIKESH

·         The Hindustan Antibiotics Plant located here is one of the largest in the world.

UTTAR PRADESH

UTTAR PRADESH

Area: 2, 38, 566 sq. km

Latitude: 27˚ 40’ N

Population: 16, 60, 52, 859

Longitude: 80˚ E

Capital: Luck now

Principal languages: Hindi and Urdu

Situation: the state is bordered by Uttaranchal and Himachal Pradesh in the north, Bihar and Jharkhand in the east, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh in the south, Rajasthan in the south – east and Haryana in the west. It also shares border with Nepal in the north

.

LUCKNOW

·         Capital city of Uttar Pradesh.

·         Situated on the right bank of the River Gomati.

·         Important industries: Aircraft (Frames) manufacturing industry and art industries.

KANPUR

GUJARAT

GUJARAT

Area: 1, 96, 024 sq. km

Latitude: 22˚ 48’ N

Population: 5,06 71, 017

Longitude: 71˚ 48’ E

Principal language: Gujarati

Capital: Gandhi nagar

Situation: it is bordered by Pakistan in the North Rajasthan in the north – east, Maharashtra in the south and Arabian Sea in the west.

GUNDHINAGAR

·         Situated to the north of Ahmadabad.

·         New capital and administrative city of Gujarat.

MEHSANA, KALOL AND DHOLKA

·         Oil resources are found.

RAJASTHAN

RAJASTHAN

Area: 3, 42, 239 sq.km

Latitude: 27˚N

Capital: Jaipur

Population: 5,64, 73, 122

Longitude: 74˚E

Principal languages: Hindi and Rajasthani

Situation: the entire western flank of the state borders with Pakistan an Punjab in the north, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh in the north east, Madhya Pradesh in the southeast and Gujarat in the southwest. It is the largest state in India area wise.

JAIPUR

·         Capital city of Rajasthan is famous as the “pink city”

·         High concentration of sheep of good quality fleece.

·         Manufacturing centre of woolen goods such as carpets.

HARYANA

HARYANA

Area: 44, 212 sq. km

Latitude: 29˚ 12’ N

Population: 2, 10, 82, 989

Longitude: 76˚ 18’ E

Principal language; Hindi

Capital: Chandigarh

Situation: The land-clocked state, it is bordered by Punjab in the west, Himachal Pradesh in the north, UP in the East, Rajasthan in the south National Capital territory of Delhi juts into Haryana.

FARIDABAD

·         Biggest city of Haryana.

·         An industrial hub which produces a wide range of goods – tractors, scientific instruments, electronics, etc.

AMBALA

PANJAB

 PANJAB

Area: 50,362 sq. km

Latitude: 30˚48’ N

Population: 2,02, 81,969

Longitude: 75˚ 36’E

Principal language: Punjabi

Capital: Chandigarh

Situation: The state of Punjab lies in the northwestern corner of the country and is bordered by Pakistan in the west, Jammu and Kashmir in the north, Himachal Pradesh in the northeast and by Haryana and Rajasthan in the south.

Punjab is called “food basket of country” and also “Granary of India”.

PATIALA

·         It is an important centre for manufacturing of Railway diesel equipments, electric motor and switchgears.

FARIDKOT

HIMACHAL PRADESH

HIMACHAL PRADESH

Area: 55,673 sq. km

Latitude: 31˚ 54’N

Population: 60, 77,248

Longitude: 77˚ 18’ E

Principal languages: Hindi and Pahari

Capital: Simla

Situation: the state is bordered by Jammu and Kashmir in the north, Tibet in the east, Uttaranchal in southeast, Haryana in the south and by Punjab in the west and south – west.

Five major river systems, namely, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej and Yamuna, Emanate from the Western Himalayas and pass through Himachal Pradesh.

SIMALA

·         Capital of Himachal Pradesh is the leading town and the centre of education.

·         An important hill station of India.

MANDI

JAMMU AND KASHMIR

 JAMMU AND KASHMIR

Area: 2, 22,236 sq. km 

                        

Latitude: Between 32˚ 15’ N and 37˚ 05’ N

Population: 1,00,.69,987

Longitude: between 72˚ 35’ E and 83˚ 20’ E

Principal languages: Urdu, Kashmiri, Dogri, Ladakhi, Pahari, Punjabi, Baltic, Gojir and Dadri.

Capital: Srinagar (summer), Jammu (winter).

Situation: the state of Jammu and Kashmir lies in the extreme north of the country and is bordered by China in the north, Tibet in the east, Pakistan in the west, Afghanistan in the northwest, and Indian states of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh touches its borders in the south.

SRINAGAR

INDIA INTRODUCTION

INDIA INTRODUCTION

Area: 32, 87, 263 sq. km, 2.4 % of the total land area of the world.

Latitude: 8˚ 4’ to 37˚ 6’ N

Land frontier: about 15,200 km

Length of coastline: 7,516.6 km (mainland including Lakshadweep and Andaman Nicobar Island).

North – south extent: 3, 214 km

East – west extent: 2, 93 km

Standard meridian: 82 ½ ˚east longitude

Southernmost point: Indira point (Nicobar Island)

Southernmost point of mainland: ‘Cape comorin’

WORLD: DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY OF POPULATION

  WORLD: DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY OF POPULATION

Region of low density (less than 50 persons / km²)

·         Hot deserts: Sahara, Kalahari (Africa), Atacama (South America) Iranian (Asia) and Great Australian desert etc.

·         Cold desert: Tundra lands of North America and Eurasia, ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, Arctic and sub –arctic cold deserts.

·         Hot-wet regions: Equatorial forest of Amazon, Congo and some islands of Indonesia.

·         High mountains and dissected plateau.

Regions of moderate density (50-70 persons/ km²)

·         Coastal lowlands of mid latitude of South America and South Africa.

·         Central and Eastern Europe. Russia (European part)

·         River valleys of South – east Asia

·         South eastern Australia.

Regions of high density (<100 persons / km²)

RAILWAY NETWORK OF THE WORLD

  RAILWAY NETWORK OF THE WORLD

  

  Trans – continental railways

·         Railway routes which join two ends of the continent, e.g., Canada pacific railway, trans – Siberian railway and the Australian trans – continental railway.

 Canada pacific railway (CPR)

·         Runs from Vancouver (British Columbia) on the pacific coast to st. John ’s (New Brunswick) on the Atlantic coast.

·         Calgary, Regina, Winnipeg, fort William, port author, Sudbury, I Ottawa and Montreal are the main stations of this route.

·         Extensively used for freight transport and unpopular for passenger transport.

·         Joins Quebec – Montreal industrial region with soft wood forest region and wheat region of prairies.

The Canada national railway (CNR)

MAJOR PORTS OF THE WORLD

 MAJOR PORTS OF THE WORLD

      

NAME	COUNTRY	EXPORTS
Duluth (on the lake superior)	North America	Largest iron ore exporting port of USA and export it to other American steel centres.
Chicago (on the lake Michigan)	North America	World’s largest and the biggest pork exporting port., It also exports agricultural instruments and maize.
Detroit (on the lake Erie)	North America	Automobiles.
Montreal	Canada	Biggest Canadian ports in terms of exports. Major exports are wheat, textiles, leather goods and engineering products.
Halifax	Canada	Iron – steel and heavy engineering products.
Boston	North America	Exports engineering goods, woolen textiles and leather goods. Also exports electrical equipments and hydel power turbines.
Baltimore (on the head of Chesapeake Bay)	North America	Exports tobacco, livestock, cotton, timber and oyster .
Richmond	North America	Biggest exporting portly of tobacco and tobacco products.,
New Orleans (on the Gulf of Mexico)	North America	Biggest rice exporting port of USA. Also exports cotton, cotton textiles and petroleum products.
Vancouver	Canada	Wheat, paper and pulp.
San Francisco	North America	Petroleum products.
Los angels	North America	Biggest orange exporting port of the world.
Havana	Cuba	One of the major sugars exporting port.
Recife	Brazil	Largest sugar exporting port of world.
Rio de janeiro	Brazil	Second largest coffee exporting port.
Santos	Brazil	Largest coffee exporting port and also exports cotton.
Montevideo	Uruguay	Exports beef, wheat, and raw wool.
Buenos Aires	Argentina	Exports maize, wool and beef.
Bahia Blanca	Argentina	Exports wheat, beef and wool.
Tumaco	Colombia	Coffee exporting port.
Antofagasta	Chile	Biggest nitrate exporting port of the world.
Valparaiso	Chile	Exports copper and iron.
Cardiff	United kingdom	Only port of united kingdom which exports coal.
Glasgow	United kingdom	Exports chemicals and textile.
Dublin	Ireland	Exports chemicals and drugs.
Gothenburg	Sweden	Largest port of Sweden which is open throughout the year.
Hammerfest	Norway	Northern most port of the world.
Hamburg	Germany	An entrepot, which exports manufactured goods, dairy products, steel goods, chemicals, etc.
Le Havre	France	Fishing port of France.
Marseilles	France	Largest port of France on the Mediterranean coast.
Lisbon	Portugal	Exports wine and raw wool.
Alexandria (on the Noël delta)	Egypt	Mediterranean seaport which exports cotton.
Port said (on the northern end of Suez canal)	Egypt	Great coaling station with large enter pot trade.
port Sudan (on the Red sea)	Sudan	Export cotton.
Accra	Ghana	Exports cocoa and palm oil.
Lagos	Nigeria	Exports cocoa and palm oil.
Port Harcourt	Nigeria	Oil exporting port.
Cape town	South Africa	A port of call which exports ;wine, raw wool and woolen textiles.
Durban	South Africa	Exports coal.
Zanzibar	South Africa	Biggest exporting port of cloves.
Dar – es – salaam	Tanzania	Chief port which exports cotton.
Mombasa	Kenya	Chief port which exports coffee.
Brisbane	Australia	Chief port of Queensland (Australia) which exports wool, wheat, copper, meat, fruits and wine.
New castle	Australia	Exporting port of coking coal.
Sydney	Australia	Exports raw wool, woolen, textile and beef.
Adelaide	Australia	Exports raw wool, woolen textile, beef, mutton, fruits and wine.
Perth	Australia	Raw wool and mutton.
Port headland	Australia	Largest iron ore exporting port of Australia.
Auckland	New Zealand	Exports butter and other dairy products.
Wellington	New Zealand	Exports wool and mutton.